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It consists of a compiler, linker, assembler, and a debugger. The GNU toolchain is a programming tools produced by the GNU Project.
The GNU toolchain plays a vital role in development of software for embedded systems. It can be ported to Microsoft Windows (via Cygwin and MinGW/MSYS).
Quite often, the toolchain used for embedded development is a cross toolchain (cross compiler). In other words, when the host and target architectures are different, the toolchain is called a cross compiler (e.g. If we develop a code on a Linux machine based on the x64 architecture, but we're compiling for an ARM target, then we need Linux-based ARM-targeting cross compiler). This is the typical way of building embedded software. Picture source. Terminology for Cross Compilation Toolchain Before we do any cross compilation, we need to clarify the terminology. Toolchain - Name convention Toolchain has a name convention: arch-vendor-os-abi.
arch - architecture arm, mips, x86, i686, etc. vendor - tool chain supplier. os - operating system linux, none (bare metal). abi - application binary interface eabi, gnueabi, gnueabihf Samples:. arm-none-eabi This toolchain targets the ARM architecture, has no vendor, does not target an operating system (i.e. Targets a 'bare metal' system), and complies with the ARM eabi.
(Note) arm-elf and arm-none-eabi just use two versions of the ARM abi. The eabi toolchain uses a newer revision, but could also be called arm-elf-eabi, as it generates elf too. .
i686-apple-darwin10-gcc-4.2.1 This toolchain targets the Intel i686 architecture, the vendor is Apple, and the target OS is Darwin version 10. . arm-none-linux-gnueabi The toolchain that can be installed in Debian-based systems using a package manager like apt (the package is called gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi).
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This toolchain targets the ARM architecture, has no vendor, creates binaries that run on the Linux operating system, and uses the GNU EABI. In other words, it is used to target ARM-based Linux systems. arm-linux-gcc This is actually binary for gcc which produces objects for ARM architecture to be run on Linux with default configuration (abi) provided by toolchain. i686-unknown-linux-gnu 32-bit GNU/linux . arm-eabi Android ARM compiler The following samples are not directly related to ARM, but could be helpful since MinGW/MSYS are widely used:. x8664-w64-mingw32 x8664 architecture means AMD64, w64 is actually mingw-w64 used as a 'vendor' here, mingw32 is the same as win32 API for gcc's perspective.
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i686-pc-msys 32-bit, 'pc' is a generic name, msys binary. Makefile - compile & link Before anything else, let's see how it works. We'll make executable first.
Then, we'll sit back and check the details later. I used gcc toolchain on Ubuntu 13 and Fedora 18 targeting ARM processor. Here is the makefile. # Fedora 18 #XCC = arm-linux-gnu-gcc #LD = arm-linux-gnu-ld # Ubuntu 13 XCC = arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc LD = arm-linux-gnueabi-ld CFLAGS = -g -c -Wall -I./include LDFLAGS = -Map blink.map -T viperlite.ld -N all: blink.exe led.o: led.c led.h $(XCC) $(CFLAGS) led.c blink.o: blink.c led.h $(XCC) $(CFLAGS) blink.c blink.exe: blink.o led.o viperlite.ld $(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ led.o blink.o clean: -rm -f blink.exe.o blink.map The files used in this example:: 'makefile', 'blink.c', 'blink.map', 'blink.hex', 'led.c', 'led.h', 'viperlite.ld' and 'include' where other.h files are located. Here we used arm-linux-gnu-gcc on Fedora 18 and arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc on Ubuntu 13 instead of arm-elf-gcc.
They seem to be the same according to my research. This Blinking LED example consists of two source modules: 'led.c' and 'blink.c'. After we made the two object files ('led.o' and 'blink.o'), the GNU linker performs the linking and locating of the object files. For locating, there is a linker script file named 'viperlite.ld' that we input to ld in order to establish the location of each section in the Arcom board's memory. The actual command for linking and locating is: $ arm-linux-gnu-ld -Map blink.map -T viperlite.ld -N -o blink.exe led.o blink.o If we break up the parts:.Map blink.map To generate a map file and use the given filename Programming Embedded Systems Second Edition.T viperlite.ld To read the linker script.N To set the text and data sections to be readable and writable.o blink.exe To set the output filename (if this option is not included, ld will use the default output file name a.out) The two object files ('led.o' and (blink.o') are the last arguments on the command line for linking. The linker script file, 'viperlite.ld', is also passed in for locating the data and code in the our target's (Arcom board's) memory.
The result of this command is the creation of two files ('blink.map' and 'blink.exe') in the working directory. The '.map' file gives a complete listing of all code and data addresses for the final software image. Formatting the output file In some cases, we might need to format the image from the build procedure for our specific target platform. One tool included with the GNU toolset that can assist with formatting images is the strip utility, which is part of the binary utilities package called binutils. The strip utility can remove particular sections from an object file. The basic command structure for the strip utility is: arm-elf-strip options input-file.o output-file The command used to strip symbol information is: $ arm-elf-strip -remove-section=.comment blinkdbg.exe -o blink.exe This removes the section named '.comment' from the image 'blinkdbg.exe' and creates the new output file 'blink.exe'. There might be another time when we need an image file that can be burned into ROM or flash.
The GNU toolset has just what you need for this task. The utility objcopy is able to copy the contents of one object file into another object file. The basic structure for the objcopy utility is: arm-elf-objcopy options input-file output-file Suppose we want to convert our program from ELF format into an Intel Hex Format file. The command line we use for this is: $ arm-elf-objcopy -O ihex blink.exe blink.hex This command uses the '-O' ihex option to generate an Intel Hex Format file. The input file is 'blink.exe' (the objcopy utility determines the input file type). Finally, the output file is named 'blink.hex'.
Terms and conditions Acme Systems srl provided this documentation 'as is' without warranty or guarantees of any kind. We not provide any direct support for the Open Source software which can running on our board but, through these pages and forum posts, we provide all of the information required to obtain the sources, install, use and update the Open Source software available on Internet. Please note that all of the software we talking about is Open Source so you have to check any license provided by the software authors before using it in any commercial or non-commercial product, by yourself. Please contact us note that WE ARE MAINLY HARDWARE DESIGNERS and NOT LINUX GURUS and therefore could be better to post your questions to the and ensure that all of the site contributors and large software community can read and reply to your questions. This work is licensed under a.
Terms and conditions Acme Systems srl provided this documentation 'as is' without warranty or guarantees of any kind. We not provide any direct support for the Open Source software which can running on our board but, through these pages and forum posts, we provide all of the information required to obtain the sources, install, use and update the Open Source software available on Internet. Please note that all of the software we talking about is Open Source so you have to check any license provided by the software authors before using it in any commercial or non-commercial product, by yourself. Please contact us note that WE ARE MAINLY HARDWARE DESIGNERS and NOT LINUX GURUS and therefore could be better to post your questions to the and ensure that all of the site contributors and large software community can read and reply to your questions. This work is licensed under a.